The simplest form I can think of is:
typeof(OutputClassifierProvider).Should().BeDecoratedWith<ContentTypeAttribute>("output")
Another form might be:
typeof(OutputClassifierProvider).Should().BeDecoratedWith<ContentTypeAttribute>().WithArg("output")
Or:
typeof(OutputClassifierProvider).Should().BeDecoratedWith<ContentTypeAttribute>().WithArgs(new object[] {"output"})
Where WithArgs takes an object array. I don't write fluent interfaces very often but know they're difficult to get right and implement.